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An atheroma, or atheromatous plaque, is an abnormal accumulation of material in the inner layer of an arterial wall. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The material consists of mostly macrophage cells , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] or debris, containing lipids , calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue .
The correct use and properly fitted graded compression stockings can reduce the rate of thrombosis by 50%. [15] [19]: 745–46 Contraindications for the use of antiembolism stockings include the presence of advanced peripheral and obstructive arterial disease, septic phlebitis, heart failure, open wounds, dermatitis and peripheral neuropathy. [33]
Arterial occlusion can be classified into three types based on etiology: embolism, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. These three types of occlusion underlie various common conditions, including coronary artery disease, [4] peripheral artery disease, [5] and pulmonary embolism, [6] which may be prevented by
ATE is usually caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to plaque rupture and thrombus formation, or by cardioembolism, which results from the embolization of a cardiac thrombus, such as in atrial fibrillation, valvular disease, or myocardial dysfunction. The management of ATE depends on the location and severity of the ischemia and the ...
These can form a plaque that can lead to atherosclerosis and trigger myocardial infarction and stroke. [1] [2] [3] Foam cells are fat-laden cells with a M2 macrophage-like phenotype. They contain low density lipoproteins (LDL) and can be rapidly detected by examining a fatty plaque under a microscope after it is removed from the body. [4]
A vulnerable plaque is a kind of atheromatous plaque – a collection of white blood cells (primarily macrophages) and lipids (including cholesterol) in the wall of an artery – that is particularly unstable and prone to produce sudden major problems such as a heart attack or stroke. [1]
The procedure uses balloons to open pulmonary arteries that have been narrowed or blocked by webs, bands and fibrous tissue [2] and therefore restores blood flow to the lungs, reduces shortness of breath, and improves exercise tolerance. More data on its safety and effectiveness are still required. [3] [4]
Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is the enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance (such as from pulmonic stenosis) or high blood pressure in the lungs. [2] Chronic pulmonary heart disease usually results in right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), [4] whereas ...