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The first working magnetic refrigerators were constructed by several groups beginning in 1933. Magnetic refrigeration was the first method developed for cooling below about 0.3 K (the lowest temperature attainable before magnetic refrigeration, by pumping on 3 He vapors).
Assuming the external magnetic field is uniform and shares a common axis with the paramagnet, the extensive parameter characterizing the magnetic state is , the magnetic dipole moment of the system. The fundamental thermodynamic relation describing the system will then be of the form U = U ( S , V , I , N ) {\displaystyle U=U(S,V,I,N)} .
Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil that has been cryogenically cooled to a temperature below its superconducting critical temperature. This use of superconducting coils to store magnetic energy was invented by M. Ferrier in ...
Commercial refrigeration. Refrigeration is any of various types of cooling of a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the removed heat is ejected to a place of higher temperature). [1] [2] Refrigeration is an artificial, or human-made, cooling method. [1] [2]
A TRM can also be partially demagnetized by heating up to some lower temperature and cooling back to room temperature. A common procedure in paleomagnetism is stepwise demagnetization , in which the sample is heated to a series of temperatures T 1 , T 2 , … {\displaystyle \scriptstyle T_{1},T_{2},\ldots } , cooling to room temperature and ...
Jimmy Butler #22 of the Miami Heat looks on during the game against the Toronto Raptors on December 1, 2024 at the Scotiabank Arena in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Magnetic refrigeration is a real, observed effect! (although at the moment it is used mostly in research for very cold temperatures). DigitalHamster ( talk ) 14:35, 7 June 2023 (UTC) [ reply ]
First son Hunter Biden's "sugar brother" and lawyer Kevin Morris won't be disbarred for infiltrating a film project about President Biden's role in his family's foreign dealings, The Post has learned.