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Hyperchloremia is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is an elevated level of chloride ions in the blood. [1] The normal serum range for chloride is 96 to 106 mEq/L, [2] therefore chloride levels at or above 110 mEq/L usually indicate kidney dysfunction as it is a regulator of chloride concentration. [3]
A diagnostic test may use a chloridometer to determine the serum chloride level. The North American Dietary Reference Intake recommends a daily intake of between 2300 and 3600 mg/day for 25-year-old males. Reference ranges for blood tests, showing blood content of chloride at far right in the spectrum.
Chloride is part of gastric acid (HCl), which plays a role in absorption of electrolytes, activating enzymes, and killing bacteria. The levels of chloride in the blood can help determine if there are underlying metabolic disorders. [20] Generally, chloride has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate, an electrolyte that indicates acid-base ...
[1] [3] It is severe if levels are greater than 2.9 mmol/L (7 mg/dL). [5] Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be present. [1] Treatment involves stopping the magnesium a person is getting. [2] Treatment when levels are very high include calcium chloride, intravenous normal saline with furosemide, and hemodialysis. [1] Hypermagnesemia ...
High volume hyponatremia can occur from heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. [4] Conditions that can lead to falsely low sodium measurements include high blood protein levels such as in multiple myeloma, high blood fat levels, and high blood sugar. [5] [6] Treatment is based on the underlying cause. [4]
Hypernatremia is generally defined as a serum sodium level of more than 145 mmol/L. [3] Severe symptoms typically only occur when levels are above 160 mmol/L. [1] Hypernatremia is typically classified by a person's fluid status into low volume, normal volume, and high volume. [1]
The Supreme Court on Thursday rejected a conservative-led attack that could have undermined the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. The justices ruled 7-2 that the way the CFPB is funded does ...
Ingestion of ammonium chloride, hydrochloric acid, or other acidifying salts; The treatment and recovery phases of diabetic ketoacidosis; Volume resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline provides a chloride load, so that infusing more than 3–4L can cause acidosis; Hyperalimentation (i.e., total parenteral nutrition)