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The Quran was canonized only after Muhammad's death in 632 CE. According to Islamic tradition the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 23/644–35 AH/655 CE) established the canonical Qur'an, reportedly starting the process in 644 CE, [6] and completing the work around 650 CE (the exact date was not recorded by early Arab annalists). [7]
A page from the Sanaa manuscript — the oldest Islamic archaeological document to date.. Quranic studies is the academic application of a diverse set of disciplines to study the Quran (including its exegesis and historical reception), drawing on methods including but not limited to ancient history, philology, textual criticism, lexicography, codicology, literary criticism, comparative ...
The Qur'anic canon is the form of the Quran as recited and written in which it is religiously binding for the Muslim community. This canonical corpus is closed and fixed in the sense that nothing in the Quran can be changed or modified. [48] By the time of Uthman's caliphate, there was a perceived need for clarification of Qur'an reading.
The work is presented as a review and synthesis of various hypotheses and historical discoveries related to the birth of Islam, the birth of the Quran, its development, its contextual and textual history, the major issues surrounding this text, its writing, propagation, and its canonization into a unique text. [2] [5]
Abu ‘Amr Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd ar-Rahman, al-Makhzumi, better known as Qunbul (195-291 AH / 808-904 CE), [1] was one of the primary transmitters of one of the Qira'at, or the canonical methods of reading the Qur'an. [2] [3] Of the seven primary readings of the Qur'an, Qunbul was a transmitter of the method of Ibn Kathir al-Makki.
Islamic governance is the approach to leading Islamic nations and guiding their communities and organizations, all in line with the fundamental principles of Islam. [1] It can be viewed as a governance model that integrates Islamic values into the realms of administration, rule, management, and government.
The Quran, [c] also romanized Qur'an or Koran, [d] is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God . It is organized in 114 chapters ( surah , pl. suwer ) which consist of individual verses ( āyah ).
The Ma'il Quran is an 8th-century Quran (between 700 and 799 CE) originating from the Arabian peninsula. It contains two-thirds of the Qur'ān text and is one of the oldest Qur'āns in the world. It was purchased by the British Museum in 1879 from the Reverend Greville John Chester and is now kept in the British Library. [50]