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The territorial evolution of Germany in this article include all changes in the modern territory of Germany from its unification making it a country on 1 January 1871 to the present although the history of "Germany" as a territorial polity concept and the history of the ethnic Germans are much longer and much more complex.
The Southern states joined the federal state in 1870/71, which was consequently renamed the German Empire (1871–1918). The state continued as the Weimar Republic (1919–1933). Present-day Germany is a federal republic which combines the States of Germany.
A Short History of Germany. New York: Macmillan – via HathiTrust. In two parts: to 1657 + 1658–1914 (fulltext) Eric Solsten, ed. (1996). "Chronology of Important Events". Germany: A Country Study. US Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington DC. ISBN 978-0-7881-8179-5. {}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher "Germany".
The German states prior to 1870 had retained separate political structures and goals, and German foreign policy up to and including the age of Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898; in office as Prussian Foreign Minister from 1862 to 1890) concentrated on resolving the "German question" in Europe and on securing German interests on the continent.
Germany's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. The German cartel system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense.
26 February – German company Commerzbank is founded in Hamburg.; 10 March – The Deutsche Bank is granted a banking licence by the Prussian government.; 16 July – In response to Bismarck's refusal to cede parts of the Rhineland to Emperor Napoleon III of France, [1] the near succession of a Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne, and the Ems telegram, [2] France declares war on Prussia ...
By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly expanding industry had surpassed Britain's while provoking it in a naval arms race. Germany led the Central Powers in World War I, but was defeated, partly occupied, forced to pay war reparations, and stripped of its colonies and significant territory along its ...
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