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  2. Natural logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_logarithm

    The natural logarithm function, if considered as a real-valued function of a positive real variable, is the inverse function of the exponential function, leading to the identities: ⁡ = + ⁡ = Like all logarithms, the natural logarithm maps multiplication of positive numbers into addition: [ 5 ] ln ⁡ ( x ⋅ y ) = ln ⁡ x + ln ⁡ y ...

  3. List of logarithmic identities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_logarithmic_identities

    ln(r) is the standard natural logarithm of the real number r. Arg(z) is the principal value of the arg function; its value is restricted to (−π, π]. It can be computed using Arg(x + iy) = atan2(y, x). Log(z) is the principal value of the complex logarithm function and has imaginary part in the range (−π, π].

  4. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    The logarithm is denoted "log b x" (pronounced as "the logarithm of x to base b", "the base-b logarithm of x", or most commonly "the log, base b, of x "). An equivalent and more succinct definition is that the function log b is the inverse function to the function x ↦ b x {\displaystyle x\mapsto b^{x}} .

  5. Logarithmic derivative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic_derivative

    When f is a function f(x) of a real variable x, and takes real, strictly positive values, this is equal to the derivative of ln(f), or the natural logarithm of f. This follows directly from the chain rule: [1] ⁡ = ()

  6. e (mathematical constant) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)

    The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted .

  7. List of integrals of logarithmic functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_integrals_of...

    The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity.

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  9. Prime number theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem

    The first such distribution found is π(N) ~ ⁠ N / log(N) ⁠, where π(N) is the prime-counting function (the number of primes less than or equal to N) and log(N) is the natural logarithm of N. This means that for large enough N, the probability that a random integer not greater than N is prime is very close to 1 / log(N).