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While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry, [5] and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist Maurice Duverger, [6] both of whom intended to describe ...
Heads of government under the presidential system do not depend on the approval of the legislature as they do in a parliamentary system (with the exception of mechanisms such as impeachment). [30] The presidential system and the parliamentary system can also be blended into a semi-presidential system. Under such a system, executive power is ...
The United States is a federal constitutional republic, while the former Soviet Union was a federal socialist republic. However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky, especially de facto , when both its government and its economy deviate in practice. [ 17 ]
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Many public debates about democracy-versus-republic, according to Heersink, are thinly masked attempts to alter or preserve a status quo that benefits a party or candidate for at least the short-term.
In a number of parliamentary or semi-presidential countries, some presidents are non-partisan, or receive cross-party support. Nonpartisan systems may be de jure , meaning political parties are either outlawed entirely or legally prevented from participating in elections at certain levels of government, or de facto if no such laws exist and yet ...
Opinion: Former Tennessee Sen. and Gov. Lamar Alexander reflects on the late Sen. Howard Baker's belief in the power of the American republic.
Cohabitation does not occur within standard presidential systems. While a number of presidential democracies, such as the United States, have seen power shared between a president and legislature of different political parties, this is another form of divided government. In this situation, the executive is directed by a president of one party ...