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A lower gastrointestinal bleed is defined as bleeding originating distal to the ileocecal valve, which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. [2] LGIB was previously defined as any bleed that occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, which included the aforementioned parts of the intestine and also included the last 1/4 of the duodenum and the entire area of the jejunum and ileum. [1]
Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [2] About 2/3 of all GI bleeds are from upper sources and 1/3 from lower sources. [14] Common causes of gastrointestinal bleeding include infections, cancers, vascular disorders, adverse effects of ...
Kidney infarction: CT scan of the abdomen showing partial infarct of the left kidney. Specialty: Nephrology: Symptoms: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. [1] Complications: Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. [1] Causes: Cardioembolic disease, renal artery injury, and hypercoagulable state. [1] Diagnostic method
Symptoms of ischemic colitis vary depending on the severity of the ischemia. The most common early signs of ischemic colitis include abdominal pain (often left-sided), with mild to moderate amounts of rectal bleeding. [11] The sensitivity of findings among 73 patients were: [12] abdominal pain (78%) lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding (62%)
While not always present and often overlapping, three progressive phases of intestinal ischemia have been described: [9] [10] A hyper active stage occurs first, in which the primary symptoms are severe abdominal pain and the passage of bloody stools. Many patients get better and do not progress beyond this phase.
Diverticular disease can present with painless rectal bleeding as bright red blood per rectum. Diverticular bleeding is the most common cause of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [9] However, it is estimated that 80% of these cases are self-limiting and require no specific therapy. [10]
However, upper central abdominal pain is the most common symptom; the pain may be dull, vague, burning, aching, gnawing, sore, or sharp. [13] Pain is usually located in the upper central portion of the abdomen , [ 14 ] but it may occur anywhere from the upper left portion of the abdomen around to the back.
Retroperitoneal bleeding is an accumulation of blood in the retroperitoneal space. Signs and symptoms may include abdominal or upper leg pain , hematuria , and shock . It can be caused by major trauma or by non-traumatic mechanisms.