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Left atrial enlargement can be mild, moderate or severe depending on the extent of the underlying condition. Although other factors may contribute, left atrium size has been found to be a predictor of mortality due to both cardiovascular issues as well as all-cause mortality.
Atrial enlargement refers to a condition where the left atrium or right atrium of the heart is larger than would be expected. It can also affect both atria. [1] Types include: Left atrial enlargement; Right atrial enlargement
In individuals with severe mitral stenosis, the left ventricular filling is dependent on the atrial kick. The loss of the atrial kick due to atrial fibrillation (i.e., blood cannot flow into the left ventricle thus accumulating in the left atrium ) can cause a precipitous decrease in cardiac output and sudden congestive heart failure.
Left ventricular hypertrophy with secondary repolarization abnormalities as seen on ECG Histopathology of (a) normal myocardium and (b) myocardial hypertrophy. Scale bar indicates 50 μm. Gross pathology of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricle is at right in image, serially sectioned from apex to near base.
Cardiomegaly can be classified by the main enlarged location of the heart, and/or by the structure of the enlargement. Specific subtypes include athletic heart syndrome , which is a non- pathological condition commonly seen in sports medicine in which the heart is enlarged, and the resting heart rate is lower than normal.
The left atrial volume is commonly measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance tomography.It is calculated from biplane recordings with the equation: = where A4c and A2c denote LA areas in 4- and 2-chamber views respectively, and L corresponds to the shortest long-axis length measured in either views.
Cats with severe HCM often develop left heart failure (pulmonary edema; pleural effusion) because of severe diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle. They may also develop a left atrial thrombus that embolizes, most commonly, to the terminal aorta creating acute pain and rear limb paralysis (see below).
High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage (LAA) (lat: auricula atrii sinistra), which has a tubular trabeculated structure. [9] LAA anatomy as seen in a CT scan is characterized as being in one of four groups: chicken wing (48%), cactus (30%), windsock (19%), and cauliflower(3%).
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