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The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82 (Wolfhound Press, 1985) D'Arcy, William. The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86 (Catholic University of America Press, 1947) Jenkins, Brian. Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction (Cornell University Press, 1969).
The word Fenian (/ ˈ f iː n i ə n /) served as an umbrella term for the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) and their affiliate in the United States, the Fenian Brotherhood.They were secret political organisations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries dedicated to the establishment of an independent Irish Republic.
It was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded Catholic emancipation. Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as 'forty shilling freeholders', who were mainly Catholics. [5] This resulted in the Irish Catholic electorate going from 216,000 voters to 37,000.
This is a category of articles relating to free software for making or viewing Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. That is, software which can be freely used, copied, studied, modified, and redistributed by everyone that obtains a copy. Typically, this means software which is distributed with a free software license, and whose source code ...
Proprietary software for viewing and editing PDF documents. pdftk: GNU GPL/Proprietary: command-line tools to manipulate, edit and convert documents; supports filling of PDF forms with FDF/XFDF data. PDF-XChange Viewer: Freeware: Freeware PDF reader, tagger, editor (simple editions) and converter (free for non-commercial uses).
Despite being a Catholic, he later entered Trinity College, Dublin (nominally Catholics were forbidden from entering Trinity due to its ties to the Protestant Church of Ireland), where he studied Sanskrit, Hebrew and Irish. He became an accomplished Gaelic scholar, and later taught Greek and Latin, and contributed articles to Irish and French ...
Portraits of the Manchester Martyrs – Larkin (left), Allen (centre) and O'Brien (right) – on a shamrock. The Manchester Martyrs (Irish: Mairtirígh Mhanchain) [1] [2] were three Irish Republicans – William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien – who were hanged in 1867 following their conviction of murder after an attack on a police van in Manchester, England, in which a ...
In Canada, the incursions divided its burgeoning Irish-Canadian population, many of whom were torn between loyalty to their new home and sympathy for the aims of the Fenians. Protestant Irish immigrants were generally loyal to the British and fought with the pro-Union Orange Order against the Fenians.