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Western representations of Muhammad were very rare until the explosion of images following the invention of the printing press; he is shown in a few medieval images, normally in an unflattering manner, often influenced by his brief mention in Dante's Divine Comedy. Dante placed Muhammad in Hell, with his entrails hanging out (Canto 28):
Medieval Muslim artists found various ways to represent especially sensitive figures such as Muhammad. He is sometimes shown with a fiery halo hiding his face, head, or whole body, and from about 1500 is often shown with a veiled face. [38] Members of his immediate family and other prophets may be treated in the same way.
In the lower part of the painting, Muhammad – his face veiled – sits on a geometrically patterned carpet, surrounded by the four caliphs who succeeded him: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. Next to Muhammad on the carpet are two of his grandsons, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali – the second and third Imams of Shia Islam – depicted as ...
Hilye, or calligraphic panel containing a physical description of the Prophet Muhammad made in 1718 in the Galata Palace, Istanbul. Dihya Salim al-Fahim, (1718), via Wikimedia CommonsThe ...
While both Sunnis and Shias have created images of Muhammad in the past, [355] Islamic depictions of Muhammad are rare. [351] They have mostly been limited to the private and elite medium of the miniature, and since about 1500 most depictions show Muhammad with his face veiled, or symbolically represent him as a flame. [353] [356]
Small miniatures were not seen in public, as they were kept in the libraries or houses of the elites. However the depiction of Muhammad himself remained something to be approached with care, and various conventions such as masks and clouds were adopted to at least hide his face; sometimes miniatures were adusted at a later period to include this.
Muslim students took offense and an art history class was labeled Islamophobic. But many Muslims and scholars consider the artworks Islamophilic instead.
The book was scheduled to be published in November 2009 by Yale University Press.Prior to publication, officials at the press decided to remove all images of Muhammad from the forthcoming book, including the controversial cartoons and a number of historical images of Muhammad from both Muslim and non-Muslim sources, including a 19th-century engraving by Gustave Doré showing Muhammad being ...