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  2. Pope Gregory VII - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII

    In later times, Gregory VII became an exemplar of papal supremacy, and his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, reflecting later writers' attitude to the Catholic Church and the papacy. Beno of Santi Martino e Silvestro, who opposed Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy, accused him of necromancy, cruelty, tyranny, and blasphemy.

  3. Gregorian Reform - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform

    Gregory VII's ban on lay investiture was a key element of the reform, ultimately contributing to the centralized papacy of the later Middle Ages. [7] The reform of the church, both within it, and in relation to the Holy Roman Emperor and the other lay rulers of Europe, was Gregory VII's life work. It was based on his conviction that the church ...

  4. History of the papacy (1048–1257) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048...

    The struggle between the temporal power of the emperors and the spiritual influence of the popes came to a head in the reigns of Pope Nicholas II (1059–1061) and Pope Gregory VII (1073–1085). The popes fought to free the appointment of bishops, abbots and other prelates from the power of secular lords and monarchs into which it had fallen.

  5. The clash between the Church and the Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_clash_between_the...

    In 1075, Gregory VII proclaimed the dictatus papae, asserting papal supremacy and removing bishops from imperial appointment. [2] This initiated a period of conflict known as the Investiture Dispute, highlighted by Henry IV's excommunication and his subsequent penance at Canossa. At the end of this conflict, the Pope succeeded in freeing ...

  6. Dictatus papae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatus_papae

    The principles expressed in Dictatus Papae are mostly those expressed by the Gregorian Reform, which had been initiated by Gregory decades before he became pope. It does not mention key aspects of the reform movement such as the abolishing of the triple abuse of clerical marriage, lay investiture and simony. [ 2 ]

  7. 1073 papal election - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1073_Papal_election

    Gregory's first attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with the Normans of Robert Guiscard; in the end the two parties did not meet. After a failed call for a crusade to the princes of northern Europe, [ 8 ] and after obtaining the support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI of Benevento and Richard I of Capua , Gregory ...

  8. 1086 papal election - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1086_Papal_election

    The antagonism between the cardinal-bishops and cardinal-priests was intensified by the fact that Gregory VII clearly favored the latter. When Antipope Clement III was installed in Rome, he sentenced Gregory VII to exile. Gregory was joined by seven of eighteen [notes 1] so-called "Gregorian" cardinal-priests and only one cardinal bishop.

  9. Ecclesiastical letter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter

    Others are to be found in the formularies, many of which appeared unofficially in the Middle Ages, similar in kind to the ancient official Liber Diurnus of the papal chancery in use as late as the time of Gregory VII. The papal letters were forwarded by the papal officials, above all by the Apostolic Chancery, for whose use the chancery rules ...