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Modern-day independent scientists who fund their own research on an independent basis include, for example, Stephen Wolfram who funds his research through the sale of Mathematica software, Julian Barbour, Aubrey de Grey, Barrington Moore, Susan Blackmore, [2] James Lovelock, [2] and John Wilkinson who funds his research on "molecular synergism in nature" by running a regulatory scientific ...
Independent study is also useful for self-directed learning activities that allow the student to be self-reliant. [13] A program titled "The Research Experiences for Undergraduates" (REU) has been founded by the National Science Foundation which provides funding for undergraduates to engage in different areas of research outside of the classroom.
The National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), established in 1938, [34] is Britain's oldest independent economic research institute. The institute is a London-based [35] [36] independent UK registered charity that carries out academic research of relevance to business and policy makers, [37] both nationally and internationally.
Resources for the Future (RFF) is an American nonprofit organization, founded in 1952, that conducts independent research into environmental, energy, and natural resource issues, primarily via economics and other social sciences. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., RFF performs research around the world.
The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities. It is located in Chicago, Illinois, and has been free and open to the public since 1887. The Newberry fosters a deeper understanding of our world by inspiring research and learning in the humanities and encouraging conversations about ideas that matter.
Research institutes which are not part of a university, government, hospital or corporation. Independent research institutes may have close relationships with larger institutions such as universities, are not part of the larger institution and operate under their own authority.
In 1986, the San Diego Independent Scholars sponsored a national conference aimed at reaching a consensus for founding a national organization which would communicate with institutions such as federal funding agencies, foundations, and learned societies, to address issues of access to research funding, research facilities, and other resources ...
Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; [3] the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution ...