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Schizosaccharomyces, the only wine yeast that reproduced by fission whereas most wine yeast reproduce by budding. [4] Zygosaccharomyces, very alcohol-tolerant and can grow in wines up to 18% v/v. Additionally this yeast can survive in extremely high sugar levels (as much as 60% w/w or 60 Brix) and is very resistant to sulfur dioxide. [4]
The yeast was originally isolated by Albert Klöcker in the anamorphic form in 1912 and classified as Pseudosaccharomyces occidentalis. [2] [3] Because the Pseudosaccharomyces name had already been used since 1906 for an unrelated organism, Alexander Janke proposed an alternative name, Klöckeria, for the genus in 1923, which he corrected in 1928 to Kloeckera. [4]
The precise yeast strain used during fermentation and temperature are two of the strongest indicators of what kind of esters will develop and helps explain partially why Chardonnay grown in the same vineyard but made by two different producers could have different aromatics.
In winemaking, L. thermotolerans and other yeast species have been studied for the effects of their metabolites on the flavor profile of wines. [5] Systems including L. thermotolerans in co-fermentation with wine yeast or in place of lactic acid bacteria have been described as an alternative to traditional malolactic fermentation.
Saccharomyces bayanus is a yeast of the genus Saccharomyces, and is used in winemaking and cider fermentation, and to make distilled beverages. Saccharomyces bayanus, like Saccharomyces pastorianus, is now accepted to be the result of multiple hybridisation events between three pure species, Saccharomyces uvarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces eubayanus.
For example, the preservatives added to white wine are mainly ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and sorbic acid. [13] Ascorbic acid is used as an antioxidant, while sorbic acid is used to inhibit the growth of yeast in white wine. [3] Sorbic acid cannot be used in red wine because it can cause pollution.
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