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Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. Fluoride is the simplest fluorine anion. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride ion resembles the hydroxide ion.
The fluorine–fluorine bond of the difluorine molecule is relatively weak when compared to the bonds of heavier dihalogen molecules. The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8]
Fluorine is the 13th most abundant element in Earth's crust at 600–700 ppm (parts per million) by mass. [61] Though believed not to occur naturally, elemental fluorine has been shown to be present as an occlusion in antozonite, a variant of fluorite. [62] Most fluorine exists as fluoride-containing minerals.
The test does not detect fluorine/fluorides. This test is no longer frequently used. One reason why it is not widely used is that it is possible to generate the highly toxic chloro-dioxins if the test material is a polychloroarene. [2] An alternative wet test for halide is the sodium fusion test — this test converts
The high electronegativity of fluorine (4.0 for fluorine vs. 2.5 for carbon) gives the carbon–fluorine bond a significant polarity or dipole moment. The electron density is concentrated around the fluorine, leaving the carbon relatively electron poor. This introduces ionic character to the bond through partial charges (C δ+ —F δ−). The ...
A fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with multiple carbon–fluorine bonds. It is characterized by a high resistance to solvents , acids , and bases . The best known fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene under the brand name "Teflon," trademarked by the DuPont Company.
As indicated throughout this article, fluorine-substituents lead to reactivity that differs strongly from classical organic chemistry. The premier example is difluorocarbene, CF 2, which is a singlet whereas carbene (CH 2) has a triplet ground state. [12] This difference is significant because difluorocarbene is a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene.
4 serves as a fluorine source to deliver an equivalent of fluoride. [2] The Balz–Schiemann reaction for the synthesis of aryl fluorides is the best known example of such a reaction. [3] Ether and halopyridine adducts of HBF 4 have been reported to be effective reagents for the hydrofluorination of alkynes. [4]