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In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
Proof without words of the arithmetic progression formulas using a rotated copy of the blocks. An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence is a sequence of numbers such that the difference from any succeeding term to its preceding term remains constant throughout the sequence. The constant difference is called common difference of that ...
A uniformly recurrent word is a recurrent word in which for any given factor X in the sequence, there is some length n X (often much longer than the length of X) such that X appears in every block of length n X. [1] [6] [7] The terms minimal sequence [8] and almost periodic sequence (Muchnik, Semenov, Ushakov 2003) are also used.
There are a number of ways to denote a sequence, some of which are more useful for specific types of sequences. One way to specify a sequence is to list all its elements. For example, the first four odd numbers form the sequence (1, 3, 5, 7). This notation is used for infinite sequences as well.
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.
Kummer's theorem states that the number of carries involved in adding two numbers in base is equal to the exponent of the highest power of dividing a certain binomial coefficient. When several random numbers of many digits are added, the statistics of the carry digits bears an unexpected connection with Eulerian numbers and the statistics of ...
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For example, the sequence of powers of two (1, 2, 4, 8, ...), the basis of the binary numeral system, is a complete sequence; given any natural number, we can choose the values corresponding to the 1 bits in its binary representation and sum them to obtain that number (e.g. 37 = 100101 2 = 1 + 4 + 32). This sequence is minimal, since no value ...