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During the Gold Rush, the native population of the Central Valley and adjacent hills and mountains decreased from around 150,000 to 50,000. [7] Between 1851 and 1852, the federal government appointed three Native American commissioners—Redick McKee, George W. Barbour, and O. M. Wozencraft—to negotiate treaties with Native Californians. [8]
The gold rush increased pressure on the Native Americans of California, because miners forced Native Americans off their gold-rich lands. Many were pressed into service in the mines; others had their villages raided by the army and volunteer militia .
The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial. Native Americans, dependent on traditional hunting, gathering and agriculture, became the victims of starvation and disease, as gravel, silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats.
Men and women in the 1850 California gold rush. Prior to 1846, the non-native population of California was limited to less than 15,000 people, however, during the California gold rush, this population had grown to 100,000 people. [9] Tensions built between Anglo-American miners and Native Californians in the area.
The Gold Rush began in earnest in 1849, which led to its eager participants being called "49ers," and within two years of James Marshall's discovery at Sutter's Mill, 90,000 people flocked to ...
The negative impact of the California Gold Rush on both the local indigenous inhabitants and the environment were substantial, decimating the people still remaining. [47] 100,000 native people died during the first two years of the gold rush alone. [7] Settlers took land both for their camps and to farm and supply food for their camps.
Prior to the gold rush, the Black Hills were used by Native Americans (primarily bands of Sioux but others also ranged through the area). The United States government recognized the Black Hills as belonging to the Sioux by the Treaty of Laramie in 1868 .
Following the Gold Rush, there were a number of killings and state-subsidized massacres by settlers against Native Americans in the territory, causing several ethnic groups to be nearly wiped out. In one such series of conflicts, the so-called Mendocino War and the subsequent Round Valley War , the entirety of the Yuki people was brought to the ...