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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Persuasive definition – purporting to use the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term while, in reality, using an uncommon or altered definition. (cf. the if-by-whiskey fallacy) Ecological fallacy – inferring about the nature of an entity based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which that entity belongs.

  3. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    An example is a probabilistically valid instance of the formally invalid argument form of denying the antecedent or affirming the consequent. [ 12 ] Thus, "fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments, [ 13 ] because for most fallacious instances of an argument form, a similar but non-fallacious instance ...

  4. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Overconfidence effect, a tendency to have excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of questions, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time. [5] [43] [44] [45] Planning fallacy, the tendency for people to underestimate the time it will take them to complete a ...

  5. Attacking Faulty Reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacking_Faulty_Reasoning

    Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments [1] is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many years in a number of college courses on logic, critical thinking, argumentation, and philosophy. It explains 60 of the most commonly committed fallacies.

  6. Questionable cause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionable_cause

    For example: "Every time I score an A on the test its a sunny day. Therefore the sunny day causes me to score well on the test." Here is the example the two events may coincide or correlate, but have no causal connection. [2] Fallacies of questionable cause include: Circular cause and consequence [citation needed]

  7. Formal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy

    In logic and philosophy, a formal fallacy [a] is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic. [2] It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premises, but still have a false ...

  8. Informal fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_fallacy

    [36] [12] Without this relevance, the argument constitutes a faulty or false analogy, for example: "If a child gets a new toy he or she will want to play with it; So, if a nation gets new weapons, it will want to use them". [3] Etymological fallacies may confuse older or "original" meanings of words with current semantic usage.

  9. False dilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_dilemma

    Part of understanding fallacies involves going beyond logic to empirical psychology in order to explain why there is a tendency to commit or fall for the fallacy in question. [ 9 ] [ 1 ] In the case of the false dilemma , the tendency to simplify reality by ordering it through either-or-statements may play an important role.