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Differential ground rent and absolute ground rent are concepts used by Karl Marx [1] in the third volume of Das Kapital [2] to explain how the capitalist mode of production would operate in agricultural production, [3] under the condition where most agricultural land was owned by a social class of land-owners [4] who could obtain rent income from farm production. [5]
Marx viewed the colonization of the Americas, the African slave trade, and the events surrounding the First Opium War and Second Opium War as important instances of primitive accumulation. [6]: 14 In The German Ideology and in volume 3 of Capital, Marx discusses how primitive accumulation alienates humans from nature. [6]: 14
Some trace the concept of the state withering away back to the early Karl Marx of the 1840s and to the socialist anarchist theorist Proudhon (1809-1865). [6] However, Marx's advocacy for the dictatorship of the proletariat and Proudhon's antagonism towards the state [7] proved uncomfortable bedfellows, [8] and the two thinkers parted company c ...
Marx left a personal estate valued for probate at £250, [210] equivalent to £38,095 in 2024. [211] Upon his own death in 1895, Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate, valued in 2024 at US$6.8 million. [191] Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby in November 1954.
Marx discusses his conception of communism in his third manuscript. [40] For Marx, communism is "the positive expression of the abolition of private property". [41] Marx here claims that previous socialist writers had offered only partial, unsatisfactory insights on the overcoming of alienation. [40]
Complicating this is the fact that Marx's own ideas about the state changed as he grew older, differing in his early pre-communist phase, in the young Marx phase which predates the unsuccessful 1848 uprisings in Europe, and in his later work. Marx initially followed an evolutionary theory of the state.
Marx and Engels wrote a new preface for the 1882 Russian edition, translated by Georgi Plekhanov in Geneva. In it they wondered if Russia could directly become a communist society, or if she would become capitalist first like other European countries. After Marx's death in 1883, Engels provided the prefaces for five editions between 1888 and 1893.
Marx and Engels used the term more broadly than Marxists did later, and applied it not only to hunter-gatherers but also to some communities that engaged in subsistence agriculture. [10] There is also no agreement among later scholars, including Marxists, on the historical extent, or longevity, of primitive communism. [ 11 ]