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  2. Central Board of Secondary Education - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary...

    On 12 April 2018, the police said that Rakesh Kumar, who leaked the class 12 economics paper, had leaked class 10 mathematics paper also. [40] Consequently, the Central Board of Secondary Education has put in place a system of "encrypted" question papers, which are supposed to be printed by the schools half an hour before the exam starts. [41]

  3. List of problems in loop theory and quasigroup theory

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_problems_in_loop...

    Is the class of cores of Bol loops a quasivariety? Proposed: by Jonathan D. H. Smith and Alena Vanžurová at Loops '03, Prague 2003; Solved by: Alena Vanžurová, 2004. Solution: No, the class of cores of Bol loops is not closed under subalgebras. Furthermore, the class of cores of groups is not closed under subalgebras. Here is an outline of ...

  4. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    At the end of the 19th century, the foundational crisis in mathematics and the resulting systematization of the axiomatic method led to an explosion of new areas of mathematics. [12] [6] The 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification contains no less than sixty-three first-level areas. [13]

  5. Closed-form expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-form_expression

    The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).

  6. Decomposition theorem of Beilinson, Bernstein and Deligne

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition_theorem_of...

    Here is the fundamental class of a hyperplane section, is the direct image (pushforward) and is the n-th derived functor of the direct image. This derived functor measures the n -th cohomologies of f − 1 ( U ) {\displaystyle f^{-1}(U)} , for U ⊂ Y {\displaystyle U\subset Y} .

  7. Mapping class group of a surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapping_class_group_of_a...

    The class of in the mapping class group ⁡ does not depend on the choice of made above, and the resulting element is called the Dehn twist about . If c {\displaystyle c} is not null-homotopic this mapping class is nontrivial, and more generally the Dehn twists defined by two non-homotopic curves are distinct elements in the mapping class group.

  8. System of linear equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equations

    Because a solution to a linear system must satisfy all of the equations, the solution set is the intersection of these lines, and is hence either a line, a single point, or the empty set. For three variables, each linear equation determines a plane in three-dimensional space , and the solution set is the intersection of these planes.

  9. Graph canonization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_canonization

    In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, graph canonization is the problem of finding a canonical form of a given graph G.A canonical form is a labeled graph Canon(G) that is isomorphic to G, such that every graph that is isomorphic to G has the same canonical form as G.