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Taxine can be found in Taxus species: Taxus cuspidata, T. baccata (English yew), Taxus x media, Taxus canadensis, Taxus floridana, and Taxus brevifolia (Pacific or western yew). All of these species contain taxine in every part of the plant except in the aril , [ citation needed ] the fleshy covering of the seeds (berries).
Taxus baccata is a species of evergreen tree in the family Taxaceae, native to Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe, as well as Northwest Africa, northern Iran, and Southwest Asia. [4] It is the tree originally known as yew , though with other related trees becoming known, it may be referred to as common yew , [ 5 ] European yew ...
The catkin like male cones are 2–5 millimetres (0.079–0.197 in) long, and shed pollen in the early spring. They are sometimes externally only slightly differentiated from the branches. They are sometimes externally only slightly differentiated from the branches.
T. baccata appears throughout Europe and into western Asia. [2] T. cuspidata occurs over much of East Asia, in China, Japan, Korea, and Sakhalin. [13] Taxus brevifolia ranges in the United States from California to Montana and Alaska, [12] while Taxus canadensis appears in the northeastern United States and southeast Canada. [2]
The Defynnog Yew (Welsh: Ywen Defynnog) (SN9253027960) is one of a group of ancient yews (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of St Cynog's Church, which serves the parish and the village of Defynnog, Powys, Wales. Defynnog is located close to Sennybridge, about ten miles west of Brecon, within the Brecon Beacons National Park (Bannau Brycheiniog).
Taxanes are natural and semi-synthetic drugs. The first drug of their class, paclitaxel, was originally extracted from Taxus brevifolia, the Pacific yew. Now this drug and another in this class, docetaxel, are produced semi-synthetically from a chemical found in the bark of another yew tree, Taxus baccata. [56]
Cephalotaxus species produce cephalotaxine, an alkaloid.Parry et al 1980 provides evidence that cephalotaxine is a phenylethylisoquinoline.However, they also find this genus to be unable to incorporate cinnamic acid into cephalotaxine, and incorporation of cinnamic acid is usually a step in phenylethylisoquinoline syntheses, throwing the phenylethylisoquinoline theory in to question.
Taxus baccata leaves contain approximately 5 mg of taxines per 1g of leaves. [9] The estimated (i.e. not by any means a fact) lethal dose (LD min) of Taxus baccata leaves is 3.0-6.5 mg/kg body weight for humans [16] There is currently no known antidotes for yew poisoning, but drugs such as atropine have been used to treat the symptoms. [17]