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The Borde–Guth–Vilenkin (BGV) theorem is a theorem in physical cosmology which deduces that any universe that has, on average, been expanding throughout its history cannot be infinite in the past but must have a past spacetime boundary. [1]
In publications, he would propose that the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem is sufficient evidence for a beginning of the universe. [50] [51] [52] Craig has stated that, if anything existed before the past boundary described by the theorem, it would be a non-classical region described by an as-yet-undetermined theory of quantum gravity.
In 1982, Paul Steinhardt presented the first model of eternal inflation, Vilenkin showed that eternal inflation is generic. [9] Furthermore, working with Arvind Borde and Alan Guth, he developed the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem, showing that a period of inflation must have a beginning and that a period of time must precede it. [10]
Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem; Buckingham π theorem; C. Carnot's theorem (thermodynamics) Castigliano's method; Chung–Fuchs theorem; Clairaut's theorem (gravity)
For scientific evidence of the finitude of the past, Craig refers to the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem, which posits a past boundary to cosmic inflation, and the general consensus on the standard model of cosmology, which refers to the origin of the universe in the Big Bang. [44] [45]
The "no-hair" theorem works essentially because the cosmological horizon is no different from a black-hole horizon, except for not testable disagreements about what is on the other side. The interpretation of the no-hair theorem is that the Universe (observable and unobservable) expands by an enormous factor during inflation.
For such an observer, Bayes' theorem may appear to break down over this timescale due to anthropic selection effects; this hypothetical breakdown is sometimes called the "Guth–Vanchurin paradox". One proposed resolution to the paradox is to posit a physical "end of time" that has a fifty percent chance of occurring in the next few billion years.
2003 – Arvind Borde, Alan Guth, and Alexander Vilenkin prove the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin theorem. [233] [234] 2002 – First data collection of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). 2002 – James Williams, Slava Turyshev, and Dale Boggs conduct stringent lunar test of violations of the principle of equivalence. [235]