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Calculus of variations is concerned with variations of functionals, which are small changes in the functional's value due to small changes in the function that is its argument. The first variation [l] is defined as the linear part of the change in the functional, and the second variation [m] is defined as the quadratic part. [22]
In mathematics, specifically in the calculus of variations, a variation δf of a function f can be concentrated on an arbitrarily small interval, but not a single point. Accordingly, the necessary condition of extremum ( functional derivative equal zero) appears in a weak formulation (variational form) integrated with an arbitrary function δf .
The average variance extracted has often been used to assess discriminant validity based on the following "rule of thumb": the positive square root of the AVE for each of the latent variables should be higher than the highest correlation with any other latent variable.
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.
In mathematics, the total variation identifies several slightly different concepts, related to the (local or global) structure of the codomain of a function or a measure.For a real-valued continuous function f, defined on an interval [a, b] ⊂ R, its total variation on the interval of definition is a measure of the one-dimensional arclength of the curve with parametric equation x ↦ f(x ...
In mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, [1] introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of ...
The coefficient of variation fulfills the requirements for a measure of economic inequality. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] If x (with entries x i ) is a list of the values of an economic indicator (e.g. wealth), with x i being the wealth of agent i , then the following requirements are met:
One thinks of δF/δρ as the gradient of F at the point ρ, so the value δF/δρ(x) measures how much the functional F will change if the function ρ is changed at the point x. Hence the formula ∫ δ F δ ρ ( x ) ϕ ( x ) d x {\displaystyle \int {\frac {\delta F}{\delta \rho }}(x)\phi (x)\;dx} is regarded as the directional derivative at ...