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The structure of the molecule of urea is O=C(−NH 2) 2.The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of sp 2 hybridization of the N orbitals. [8] [9] It is non-planar with C 2 symmetry when in the gas phase [10] or in aqueous solution, [9] with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the trigonal planar angle of 120° and the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°.
In ecology, it is the difference between the water vapour pressure and the saturation water vapour pressure at a particular temperature. Unlike relative humidity, vapour-pressure deficit has a simple nearly straight-line relationship to the rate of evapotranspiration and other measures of evaporation.
Soil physics characterizes water in soil in terms of tension, Physiology of plants and animals characterizes water in organisms in terms of diffusion pressure deficit, and; Meteorology uses vapour pressure or relative humidity to characterize atmospheric water. SPAC integrates these components and is defined as a:
Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930 Carl Bosch, 1927. The Bosch–Meiser process is an industrial process, which was patented in 1922 [1] and named after its discoverers, the German chemists Carl Bosch and Wilhelm Meiser [2] for the large-scale manufacturing of urea, a valuable nitrogenous chemical.
The pressure on a pressure-temperature diagram (such as the water phase diagram shown above) is the partial pressure of the substance in question. A phase diagram in physical chemistry , engineering , mineralogy , and materials science is a type of chart used to show conditions (pressure, temperature, etc.) at which thermodynamically distinct ...
In ecology, pressure-volume curves describe the relationship between total water potential (Ψt) and relative water content (R) of living organisms. These values are widely used in research on plant-water relations and provide valuable information on the turgor , osmotic and elastic properties of plant tissues .
Surface residues, such as thatch and plant stubble exhibit increased urease activity. Soils that have high organic matter content also tend to have higher urease concentrations. More urease results in greater hydrolysis of urea and ammonia volatilization, particularly if urea fails to move into the soil. [8]
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. The soil moisture curve is characteristic for different types of soil, and is also called the soil moisture characteristic. It is used to predict the soil water storage, water supply to the plants (field capacity) and soil aggregate stability.