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Buprenorphine/naloxone, sold under the brand name Suboxone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that includes buprenorphine and naloxone. [3] It is used to treat opioid use disorder, and reduces the mortality of opioid use disorder by 50% (by reducing the risk of overdose on full-agonist opioids such as heroin or fentanyl).
Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain. [18] It can be used under the tongue (sublingual), in the cheek (buccal), by injection (intravenous and subcutaneous), as a skin patch (transdermal), or as an implant.
[9] [7] The effects of morphine withdrawal can range from gastrointestinal disturbances to symptoms like tremors (involuntary shaking, most commonly in hands), opioid cravings, anxiety and insomnia. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] While morphine withdrawal is not fatal, patients in withdrawal may experience anxiousness, fear and become difficult to manage.
These include the severity of withdrawal symptoms, the time elapsed since the last opioid use, and the type of opioid involved (long-acting vs. short-acting). [134] A standard induction method involves waiting until the patient exhibits moderate withdrawal symptoms, as measured by a Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, achieving a score of around 12.
Some addiction medicine practitioners use the term withdrawal management instead of detoxification. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] A detoxification program for physical dependence does not necessarily address the precedents of addiction , social factors, psychological addiction, or the often-complex behavioral issues that intermingle with addiction.
The company's main products are Sublocade, Subutex and its Naloxone-combined preparation Suboxone, both substitution products for opioid addiction. [2] Other products include remedies for cocaine and opioid analgesic overdose and treatment for alcohol dependence: the company claims this to be the largest pipeline of addiction drugs in the world.
Another case report noted a similar phenomenon in a female patient who abruptly reduced her diazepam dosage from 30 mg to 5 mg per day. She developed electric shock sensations, depersonalization , anxiety , dizziness , left temporal lobe EEG spiking activity, hallucinations , visual perceptual and sensory distortions which persisted for years.
Individuals who have had more withdrawal episodes are at an increased risk of very severe withdrawal symptoms, up to and including seizures and death. Long-term activation of the GABA receptor by sedative–hypnotic drugs causes chronic GABA receptor downregulation as well as glutamate overactivity, which can lead to drug and neurotransmitter ...
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