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They are currently used in many engine oils and, more recently, in gear oils. [1] They reduce friction by forming two-dimensional molybdenum disulphide layers on rubbing surfaces. [4] Functionalized polymers, which can be tailored to adsorb specifically on polar surfaces, have been shown to markedly reduce friction and wear. [5]
Because modern diesel engines often have a throttle, EGR can reduce the need for throttling, thereby eliminating this type of loss in the same way that it does for spark-ignited engines. In a naturally aspirated (i.e. nonturbocharged) engine, such a reduction in throttling also reduces the problem of engine oil being sucked past the piston ...
A motor vehicle service or tune-up is a series of maintenance procedures carried out at a set time interval or after the vehicle has traveled a certain distance. The service intervals are specified by the vehicle manufacturer in a service schedule and some modern cars display the due date for the next service electronically on the instrument panel.
The testing was mandated by the Energy Tax Act of 1978 [1] in order to determine the rate of the guzzler tax that applies for the sales of new cars. The current procedure has been updated in 2008 and includes four tests: city driving (the FTP-75 proper), highway driving (HWFET), aggressive driving (SFTP US06), and optional air conditioning test ...
A growing number of countries have drawn up plans to ban leaded gasoline in the near future. Some experts speculate that leaded petrol was behind a global crime wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s. [8] To avoid deposits of lead inside the engine, lead scavengers are added to the gasoline together with tetraethyllead. The most common ones are:
A three-way catalytic converter on a gasoline-powered 1996 Dodge Ram Simulation of flow inside a catalytic converter. A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device which converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.
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The simplest deleterious effects are typically particle wear caused by moderate knocking, which may further ensue through the engine's oil system and cause wear on other parts before being trapped by the oil filter. Such wear gives the appearance of erosion, abrasion, or a "sandblasted" look, similar to the damage caused by hydraulic cavitation.