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During the 1950s and 1960s, there were conflicts between supporters of the traditional caste system in Bali and its opponents. Many of the latter were affiliated with the PKI, the Communist Party of Indonesia , which was violently suppressed during the Indonesian killings of 1965–1966 , leading to the death of some 80,000 Balinese, around 5% ...
The idea of caste flowed into Balinese culture as close links with Hindu-Buddhist Java evolved. The inclusion of the caste may also have been due to Airlangga (991–1049), a half Balinese raja of the Kediri Kingdom. The naming system of the peasant farmers of Bali may have preceded the idea of the caste.
In the Balinese naming system, a person's rank of birth or caste is reflected in the name. [17] Balinese are generally patrilineal, but in the case where a family only has daughters, they can decide if a daughter is the confirmed heir (sentana rajeg). She will then have the same status as if she were a son.
Balinese caste structure has been described in early 20th-century European literature to be based on three categories – triwangsa (three classes) or the nobility, dwijati (twice-born) in contrast to ekajati (once born) the common folks.
The Balinese language is heavily stratified due to the Balinese caste system. [132] Kawi and Sanskrit are also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, as Hindu literature was mostly written in Sanskrit.
The marriage of prominent Balinese families along with Majapahit royalty led to the foundation of upper caste lineages of Bali. Javanese ideas especially the Majapahit tradition influenced the religion and arts of the island.
Trunyan society consists of two main "castes", the banjar jero and the banjar jaba.The castes are based on bloodlines dating back to the Gelgel dynasty.The banjar jero are descendants of the Trunyanese who went out of the village to be appointed by the kings of Gelgel to rule; whereas the banjar jaba are descendants of people who were ruled by the banjar jero.
Balinese caste structure has been described as being based either on three categories—the noble triwangsa (thrice born), the middle class of dwijāti (twice born), and the lower class of ekajāti (once born), much similar to the traditional Indian BKVS social stratification — or on four castes [41] Brahminas – priest; Satrias – knighthood