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In cognitive psychology, the word superiority effect (WSE) refers to the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings. [1]
Positivity effect (Socioemotional selectivity theory) That older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories. See also euphoric recall: Primacy effect: Where an item at the beginning of a list is more easily recalled. A form of serial position effect. See also recency effect and suffix effect. Processing difficulty effect
Primacy and recency effects. In serial memory processing, Primacy effect and recency effect effects for accuracy of recall are commonly found. These effects are found for both visual [4] and auditory [5] stimuli in memory tasks. This means that of the many items in a memory set during serial memory processing, the first item and the last seem ...
Allan Paivio's dual-coding theory is a basis of picture superiority effect. Paivio claims that pictures have advantages over words with regards to coding and retrieval of stored memory because pictures are coded more easily and can be retrieved from symbolic mode, while the dual coding process using words is more difficult for both coding and retrieval.
The role of the frequency effect has been greatly incorporated into the learning process. [8] While the word analysis approach is extremely beneficial, many words defy regular grammatical structures and are more easily incorporated into the lexical memory by automatic word recognition.
"READ" is a good example of the "context effects" role in the word superiority effect by having us assume that the E and the A behind the ink blot are completed. Perhaps the greatest amount of research concerning context effects comes from marketing research. Context effects can influence consumers' choice behavior. [15]
Specificity of processing describes the increased recall value of a stimulus when presented in the method with which it was inputted. For example, auditory stimuli (spoken words and sounds) have the highest recall value when spoken, and visual stimuli have the highest recall value when a subject is presented with images. [6]
In developing this theory, Paivio used the idea that the formation of mental imagery aids learning through the picture superiority effect. [2] According to Paivio, there are two ways a person could expand on learned material: verbal associations and imagery.