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Younger ice (first-year ice) is shown in darker shades, while older ice (four-year or older) is shown in white. This visual shows the Arctic sea ice change and the corresponding absorbed solar radiation change during June, July, and August from 2000 through 2014. The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity. The ...
Most Arctic seas are covered by ice for part of the year (see the map in the sea-ice section below); 'ice-free' here refers to those which are not covered year-round. The only regions that remain ice-free throughout the year are the southern part of the Barents Sea and most of the Norwegian Sea.
Maps of sea ice concentration can be used to determine Sea ice area and Sea ice extent, both of which are important markers of climate change. Ice concentration charts are also used by navigators to determine potentially passable regions—see icebreaker .
On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a Twin Otter is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the Arctic sea ice has been continuously decreasing in the last decades, declining ...
English: This visualization shows the age of the Arctic sea ice between 1984 and 2019. Younger sea ice, or first-year ice, is shown in a dark shade of blue while the ice that is four years old or older is shown as white. The animation shows the seasonal variability of the ice, growing in the Arctic winter and melting in the summer.
Location Federal subject Water body Coordinates Features & notes Image Vitino: Murmansk Oblast: Kandalaksha Gulf: Kandalaksha: Murmansk Oblast: White Sea
DMSP satellite. Useful satellite data concerning sea ice began in December 1972 with the Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) instrument. However, this was not directly comparable with the later SMMR/SSMI, and so the practical record begins in late 1978 with the launch of NASA's Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) satellite., [5] and continues with the Special Sensor ...
These ice classes can be assigned in parallel with the Finnish-Swedish ice class and/or the IACS Polar Class, provided the vessel complies with all applicable rules. The selection of ice class is based on the operating area in the Russian Arctic, time of year, ice conditions, operating tactics, and whether the vessel operates under icebreaker ...