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Management of carditis in acute rheumatic fever is controversial and based on dated literature. [55] Corticosteroids may be considered, especially in people with allergies to NSAIDs or severe disease, [ 48 ] although use of steroids may cause tissue atrophy, which could present challenges during future cardiac surgery for valve repair.
Recent figures quote the incidence of Acute Rheumatic Fever as 0.6–0.7/1,000 population in the United States and Japan compared with 15–21/1,000 population in Asia and Africa. [32] The prevalence of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Sydenham's Chorea has declined progressively in developed countries over the last decades. [33] [34]
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a complication of respiratory infections caused by GAS. The M-protein generates antibodies that cross-react with autoantigens on interstitial connective tissue, in particular of the endocardium and synovium, that can lead to significant clinical illness.
Treatment with antibiotics shortens the duration of the acute illness by about 16 hours. [13] The primary reason for treatment with antibiotics is to reduce the risk of complications such as rheumatic fever and retropharyngeal abscesses. [13] Antibiotics prevent acute rheumatic fever if given within 9 days of the onset of symptoms. [16]
Both conditions appear several weeks following the initial streptococcal infection. Rheumatic fever is characterized by inflammation of the joints and/or heart following an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis. Acute glomerulonephritis, inflammation of the renal glomerulus, can follow streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection. [citation needed]
Rheumatic heart disease (a condition that can occur when the bacteria that causes strep throat isn’t treated with antibiotics) Endocarditis (an infection of the inner lining of your heart)
It is an early feature of acute rheumatic fever though not pathognomonic of it. [11] It some cases it may be associated with mild myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle). The condition is also seen as a precursor to or accompany an attack of angioedema, [1] and is seen in conditions like allergic drug reactions, sepsis and glomerulonephritis ...
Valvular heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which frequently manifests with carditis and valvulitis, [20] is a late sequela of Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus infection in the throat, often lagging the initial infection by weeks to months. [21]