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Cooperativity is a phenomenon displayed by systems involving identical or near-identical elements, which act dependently of each other, relative to a hypothetical standard non-interacting system in which the individual elements are acting independently.
The Hill coefficient, or , may describe cooperativity (or possibly other biochemical properties, depending on the context in which the Hill equation is being used). When appropriate, [clarification needed] the value of the Hill coefficient describes the cooperativity of ligand binding in the following way:
The first description of cooperative binding to a multi-site protein was developed by A.V. Hill. [4] Drawing on observations of oxygen binding to hemoglobin and the idea that cooperativity arose from the aggregation of hemoglobin molecules, each one binding one oxygen molecule, Hill suggested a phenomenological equation that has since been named after him:
Alemannisch; العربية; Azərbaycanca; Basa Bali; বাংলা; Banjar; Bikol Central; Български; Boarisch; Brezhoneg; Català; Čeština; Cymraeg; Dansk
Negative cooperativity occurs when binding of the first substrate decreases the affinity of the enzyme for other substrate molecules. Allosteric enzymes include mammalian tyrosyl tRNA-synthetase, which shows negative cooperativity, [ 37 ] and bacterial aspartate transcarbamoylase [ 38 ] and phosphofructokinase , [ 39 ] which show positive ...
An agricultural cooperative, also known as a farmers' co-op, is a producer cooperative in which farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activities.. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually-farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives in which production ...
This model is supported by positive cooperativity where binding of one ligand increases the ability of the enzyme to bind to more ligands. The model is not supported by negative cooperativity where losing one ligand makes it easier for the enzyme to lose more. In the sequential model there are many different global conformational/energy states ...
Many animal species cooperate with each other in mutual symbiosis.One example is the ocellaris clownfish, which dwells among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones.The anemones provide the clownfish with protection from their predators (which cannot tolerate the stings of the sea anemone's tentacles), while the fish defend the anemones against butterflyfish (which eat anemones)