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Listing's law, named after German mathematician Johann Benedict Listing (1808–1882), describes the three-dimensional orientation of the eye and its axes of rotation. Listing's law has been shown to hold when the head is stationary and upright and gaze is directed toward far targets, i.e., when the eyes are either fixating, making saccades, or pursuing moving visual targets.
The eyes sit in bony cavities called the orbits, in the skull. There are six extraocular muscles that control eye movements. The front visible part of the eye is made up of the whitish sclera, a coloured iris, and the pupil. A thin layer called the conjunctiva sits on top of this. The front part is also called the anterior segment of the eye.
A vanishing puzzle is a mechanical optical illusion showing different numbers of a certain object when parts of the puzzle are moved around. [4] Vertical–horizontal illusion: The Vertical-horizontal illusion is the tendency for observers to overestimate the length of a vertical line relative to a horizontal line of the same length. Vista paradox
One kind of visual inputs stands out for the primary visual cortex (V1) but not for visual awareness or for other cortical areas, [22] they are distinctive in term of whether the left or right eye receives the inputs, e.g., an apple shown to the left eye among many other apples of the same appearance shown to the right eye.
Since only a small part of the eye called the fovea provides sharp vision, the eye must move to follow a target. Eye movements must be precise and fast. This is seen in scenarios like reading, where the reader must shift gaze constantly. Although under voluntary control, most eye movement is accomplished without conscious effort.
Visual memory is one of several cognitive systems, which are all interconnected parts that combine to form the human memory. [2] Types of palinopsia , the persistence or recurrence of a visual image after the stimulus has been removed, is a dysfunction of visual memory.
The binocular visual field is the superimposition of the two monocular fields. In the binocular field, the area left of the vertical meridian is referred to as the left visual field (which is located temporally for the left, and nasally for the right eye); a corresponding definition holds for the right visual field.
An example of eye movement over a photograph over the span of just two seconds. Eye movement includes the voluntary or involuntary movement of the eyes. Eye movements are used by a number of organisms (e.g. primates, rodents, flies, birds, fish, cats, crabs, octopus) to fixate, inspect and track visual objects of interests.