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The genes that code for venom proteins in some snake genera have a proportion of synonymous mutations that is lower than would be expected if venom were evolving through neutral evolutionary processes; the non-synonymous mutation rate, however, was found higher in many cases, indicating directional selection.
[4] [30] In the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) [31] and Eastern green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps), [32] 3FTx proteins make up about 70% of the protein toxins in venom; in the desert coral snake (Micrurus tschudii) the proportion is reported as high as 95%. [33] Genes encoding three-finger toxins are thought to have evolved through gene ...
Snake venom is a highly toxic saliva [1] containing zootoxins that facilitates in the immobilization and ... gene that encodes for a venom-targeted hemostatic blood ...
Among snake families traditionally classified as venomous, the capacity seems to have evolved to extremes more than once by parallel evolution; 'non-venomous' snake lineages have either lost the ability to produce venom (but may still have lingering venom pseudogenes) or actually do produce venom in small quantities (e.g. 'toxic saliva ...
Conversely, snake venom is made up of more complex protein such as modified saliva proteins (CRISPs & kallikrein) and protein families that have had their genes recruited from other tissue groups (Acetylcholinesterase, crotasin, defensin & cystatin). [10]
The evolutionary history of venomous snakes can be traced back to as far as 28 million years ago. [1] Snake venom is modified saliva used for prey immobilization and self-defense and is usually delivered through highly specialized teeth, hollow fangs, directly into the bloodstream or tissue of the target.
It’s estimated that 2.7 million people get venomous snake bites per year, according to the World Health Organization. Between 81,000 and 138,000 die each year, and about three times as many more ...
The Crotamine gene was the first gene to be mapped on a snake chromosome. [2] The gene responsible for coding the crotamine protein is labeled as Crt-p1 and its base pair sequence length is about 1.1kbp or 1100 bp. It was reported that the crotamine gene was isolated twice from two different specimens, one in a method that resulted in a gene ...