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In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array [1] key. [4] Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document. [5] Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. [4]
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The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (due to the fact that installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file ...
Algorithms for calculating variance play a major role in computational statistics.A key difficulty in the design of good algorithms for this problem is that formulas for the variance may involve sums of squares, which can lead to numerical instability as well as to arithmetic overflow when dealing with large values.
Some statistical tests, such as the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples, which can be checked with Bartlett's test. In a Bartlett test, we construct the null and alternative hypothesis. For this purpose several test procedures have been devised.
A p-value less than 0.05 for one or more of these three hypotheses leads to their rejection. As with many other non-parametric methods, the analysis in this method relies on the evaluation of the ranks of the samples in the samples rather than the actual observations. Modifications also allow extending the test to examine more than two factors.
It is especially useful for bias and variance estimation. The jackknife pre-dates other common resampling methods such as the bootstrap . Given a sample of size n {\displaystyle n} , a jackknife estimator can be built by aggregating the parameter estimates from each subsample of size ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle (n-1)} obtained by omitting one ...
The average variance extracted has often been used to assess discriminant validity based on the following "rule of thumb": the positive square root of the AVE for each of the latent variables should be higher than the highest correlation with any other latent variable. If that is the case, discriminant validity is established at the construct ...