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Non-contrast-enhanced CT scans are the gold standard for diagnosing kidney stone disease. [69] They allow clinicians to estimate the size, volume, and density of stones, helping to guide further treatment; with size being especially important in predicting the time to spontaneous passage of a stone.
Most kidney stones pass spontaneously, but larger ones (greater than 5 mm) are less likely to, and can cause severe pain or infection. [23] The interventional radiologist plays a large clinical role in the treatment of kidney stones that are unlikely to pass on their own. The gold standard of treatment for these types of stones is surgical removal.
Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) is symptoms of a spinal cord injury (SCI) with no evidence of injury to the spinal column on X-rays or CT scan. [4] [5] Symptoms may include numbness, weakness, abnormal reflexes, or loss of bladder or bowel control. [2] Neck or back pain is also common. [3] Symptoms may be brief or ...
Otherwise a noncontrast helical CT scan with 5 millimeters (0.2 in) sections is the diagnostic method to use to detect kidney stones and confirm the diagnosis of kidney stone disease. [16] [57] [61] [66] [7] Near all stones are detectable on CT scans with the exception of those composed of certain drug residues in the urine, [59] such as from ...
A radiographic evaluation using an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI can determine if there is damage to the spinal column and where it is located. [10] X-rays are commonly available [ 89 ] and can detect instability or misalignment of the spinal column, but do not give very detailed images and can miss injuries to the spinal cord or displacement of ...
A full-body scan is a scan of the patient's entire body as part of the diagnosis or treatment of illnesses. If computed tomography ( CAT ) scan technology is used, it is known as a full-body CT scan , though many medical imaging technologies can perform full-body scans.
Conservative treatment of craniocervical instability includes physical therapy [10] [11] and the use of a cervical collar to keep the neck stable. Prolotherapy, including with stem cells, is a treatment option, but there is no scientific evidence supporting the success of this approach. [12] [verification needed]
Neurologic signs result from severe angulation of the spine, narrowing of the spinal canal, instability of the spine, and luxation or fracture of the vertebrae. Signs include rear limb weakness or paralysis, urinary or fecal incontinence, and spinal pain. [5] Most cases of hemivertebrae have no or mild symptoms, so treatment is usually ...