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  2. Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeric_precision_in...

    The inaccuracy in Excel calculations is more complicated than errors due to a precision of 15 significant figures. Excel's storage of numbers in binary format also affects its accuracy. [ 3 ] To illustrate, the lower figure tabulates the simple addition 1 + x − 1 for several values of x .

  3. Standard error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_error

    For a value that is sampled with an unbiased normally distributed error, the above depicts the proportion of samples that would fall between 0, 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations above and below the actual value.

  4. Degrees of freedom (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Degrees_of_freedom_(statistics)

    The sum of the residuals (unlike the sum of the errors) is necessarily 0. If one knows the values of any n − 1 of the residuals, one can thus find the last one. That means they are constrained to lie in a space of dimension n − 1. One says that there are n − 1 degrees of freedom for errors.

  5. Bias of an estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias_of_an_estimator

    An estimator or decision rule with zero bias is called unbiased. In statistics, "bias" is an objective property of an estimator. Bias is a distinct concept from consistency : consistent estimators converge in probability to the true value of the parameter, but may be biased or unbiased (see bias versus consistency for more).

  6. Errors and residuals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals

    The statistical errors, on the other hand, are independent, and their sum within the random sample is almost surely not zero. One can standardize statistical errors (especially of a normal distribution) in a z-score (or "standard score"), and standardize residuals in a t-statistic, or more generally studentized residuals.

  7. Mean squared error - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error

    The MSE either assesses the quality of a predictor (i.e., a function mapping arbitrary inputs to a sample of values of some random variable), or of an estimator (i.e., a mathematical function mapping a sample of data to an estimate of a parameter of the population from which the data is sampled).

  8. Tracking signal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking_signal

    In statistics and management science, a tracking signal monitors any forecasts that have been made in comparison with actuals, and warns when there are unexpected departures of the outcomes from the forecasts. Forecasts can relate to sales, inventory, or anything pertaining to an organization's future demand.

  9. White test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_test

    White test is a statistical test that establishes whether the variance of the errors in a regression model is constant: that is for homoskedasticity. This test, and an estimator for heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors , were proposed by Halbert White in 1980. [ 1 ]