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Such a sentence is referring to itself. However some meta-sentences of this type can lead to paradoxes. "This is a sentence." can be considered to be a self-referential meta-sentence which is obviously true. However "This sentence is false" is a meta-sentence which leads to a self-referential paradox. Such sentences can lead to problems, for ...
This is the canonical self-referential paradox. Also "Is the answer to this question 'no'?", and "I'm lying." Card paradox: "The next statement is true. The previous statement is false." A variant of the liar paradox in which neither of the sentences employs (direct) self-reference, instead this is a case of circular reference.
Intuitively, is a self-referential sentence: says that has the property .The sentence can also be viewed as a fixed point of the operation that assigns, to the equivalence class of a given sentence , the equivalence class of the sentence (#) (a sentence's equivalence class is the set of all sentences to which it is provably equivalent in the theory ).
Although statements can be self referential without being paradoxical ("This statement is written in English" is a true and non-paradoxical self-referential statement), self-reference is a common element of paradoxes. One example occurs in the liar paradox, which is commonly formulated as the self-referential statement "This statement is false ...
Self-knowledge can be categorized by structures in memory or schemata.A self-schema is a set of facts or beliefs that one has about themselves. [5] For any given trait, an individual may or may not be "schematic"; that is, the individual may or may not think about themselves as to where they stand on that trait.
The Grelling–Nelson paradox arises from the question of whether the term "non-self-descriptive" is self-descriptive. It was formulated in 1908 by Kurt Grelling and Leonard Nelson, and is sometimes mistakenly attributed to the German philosopher and mathematician Hermann Weyl [1] thus occasionally called Weyl's paradox or Grelling's paradox.
A self-refuting idea or self-defeating idea is an idea or statement whose falsehood is a logical consequence of the act or situation of holding them to be true. Many ideas are called self-refuting by their detractors, and such accusations are therefore almost always controversial, with defenders stating that the idea is being misunderstood or that the argument is invalid.
Epimenides from "Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum"The Epimenides paradox reveals a problem with self-reference in logic.It is named after the Cretan philosopher Epimenides of Knossos (alive circa 600 BC) who is credited with the original statement. [1]