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2. Flesch–Kincaid readability tests - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesch–Kincaid...

   "The Flesch–Kincaid" (F–K) reading grade level was developed under contract to the U.S. Navy in 1975 by J. Peter Kincaid and his team. [1] Related U.S. Navy research directed by Kincaid delved into high-tech education (for example, the electronic authoring and delivery of technical information), [2] usefulness of the Flesch–Kincaid readability formula, [3] computer aids for editing tests ...

3. Gunning fog index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_fog_index

   [6] Nevertheless, some continue to point out that a series of simple, short sentences does not mean that the reading is easier. [7] In some works, such as Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, the fog scores using the old and revised algorithms differ greatly. A sample test took a random footnote from the text: (#51 ...

4. Automated readability index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_readability_index

   The automated readability index (ARI) is a readability test for English texts, designed to gauge the understandability of a text. Like the Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning fog index, SMOG index, Fry readability formula, and Coleman–Liau index, it produces an approximate representation of the US grade level needed to comprehend the text.

5. Fountas and Pinnell reading levels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountas_and_Pinnell...

   While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils. This is the grade-level equivalence chart recommended by Fountas & Pinnell. [4] [5]

6. Test of Word Reading Efficiency Second Edition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Of_Word_Reading...

   For TOWRE - 2, Torgesen et al. sampled 1,700 children ranging from 6–24 years old from 13 states of US. The TOWRE-2 mostly focused on students in elementary school (through grade 5) as this population was expected to have its widest use. [4] There are few minor differences between TOWRE and TOWRE - 2.

7. Academic grading in the United States - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_grading_in_the...

   Additionally, many schools add .33 for a plus (+) grade and subtract .33 for a minus (−) grade. Thus, a B+ yields a 3.33 whereas an A− yields a 3.67. [ 18 ] A-plusses, if given, are usually assigned a value of 4.0 (equivalent to an A) due to the common assumption that a 4.00 is the best possible grade-point average, although 4.33 is awarded ...