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Vector calculus or vector analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with the differentiation and integration of vector fields, primarily in three-dimensional Euclidean space, . [1] The term vector calculus is sometimes used as a synonym for the broader subject of multivariable calculus, which spans vector calculus as well as partial differentiation and multiple integration.
where r = (x, y, z) is the position vector (in meters). These solutions represent planar waves traveling in the direction of the normal vector n . If we define the z direction as the direction of n , and the x direction as the direction of E , then by Faraday's Law the magnetic field lies in the y direction and is related to the electric field ...
The dotted vector, in this case B, is differentiated, while the (undotted) A is held constant. The utility of the Feynman subscript notation lies in its use in the derivation of vector and tensor derivative identities, as in the following example which uses the algebraic identity C⋅(A×B) = (C×A)⋅B:
In the tensor calculus formulation, the electromagnetic tensor F αβ is an antisymmetric covariant order 2 tensor; the four-potential, A α, is a covariant vector; the current, J α, is a vector; the square brackets, [ ], denote antisymmetrization of indices; ∂ α is the partial derivative with respect to the coordinate, x α.
In differential geometry, the four-gradient (or 4-gradient) is the four-vector analogue of the gradient from vector calculus. In special relativity and in quantum mechanics , the four-gradient is used to define the properties and relations between the various physical four-vectors and tensors .
The first chapter offers a valuable review of vector calculus, which is essential for understanding this subject. While most other authors, including those aimed at a more advanced audience, denote the distance from the source point to the field point by | x − x ′ | {\displaystyle |\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {x} '|} , Griffiths uses a script r ...
In mathematical physics, in particular electromagnetism, the Riemann–Silberstein vector [1] or Weber vector [2] [3] named after Bernhard Riemann, Heinrich Martin Weber and Ludwik Silberstein, (or sometimes ambiguously called the "electromagnetic field") is a complex vector that combines the electric field E and the magnetic field B.
Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. [1] Substituting Gauss's law for electricity and Ampère's law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the curl of the curl identity ∇ × (∇ × X) = ∇(∇ ⋅ X) − ∇ 2 X (The last term in the right side is the vector Laplacian, not Laplacian applied on ...
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