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Vancouver Island University historian, Keith D. Smith described the pass system in his 2009 book Liberalism, Surveillance, and Resistance: Indigenous Communities in Western Canada, 1877-1927, as a "highly effective component of a "coercive and flexible" "matrix" of restrictive "laws, regulations, and policies" to "confine Indigenous people to ...
Under its regulations, the law stipulated that all Chinese people entering Canada must first pay a CA$50 fee, [7] [8] later referred to as a head tax. This was amended in 1887, [ 9 ] 1892, [ 10 ] and 1900, [ 11 ] with the fee increasing to CA$100 in 1901 and later to its maximum of CA$500 in 1903, representing a two-year salary of an immigrant ...
That law had been passed by the provincial Legislature of British Columbia and prohibited the hiring of people of Chinese origin, using an ethnic slur in the legislation. [101] The company successfully challenged the constitutionality of the act on the grounds that it dealt with a matter of exclusive federal jurisdiction, namely "Naturalization ...
The following criteria were used for separating the coloured people from the white people: [2] Characteristics of the person's head hair; Characteristics of the person's other hair; Skin colour; Facial features; Home language and especially the knowledge of Afrikaans; Area where the person lives, the person's friends and acquaintances; Employment
Demonstrators discarding their passbooks to protest apartheid, 1960. The Black (Natives) Laws Amendment Act of 1952 amended the 1945 Native Urban Areas Consolidation Act, stipulating that all black people over the age of 16 were required to carry passes and that no black person could stay in an urban area more than 72 hours unless allowed to by ...
The resolution also established the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. [1] The committee was originally boycotted by the Western nations, because of their disagreement with the aspects of the resolution calling for the boycott of South Africa.
The privileging of the Han people in ethnic minority areas outside of China proper, such as the Uyghur-majority Xinjiang and the central government's policy of settlement in Tibet, and the alleged erosion of indigenous religion, language and culture through repressive measures (such as the Han Bingtuan militia in Xinjiang) and sinicization have been likened to "cultural genocide" and apartheid ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 January 2025. South African system of racial separation This article is about apartheid in South Africa. For apartheid as defined in international law, see Crime of apartheid. For other uses, see Apartheid (disambiguation). This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Consider ...