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Voice connections are Circuit Switched (CS) and data connections are Packet Switched (PS) applications. Some of the GSM/UMTS Circuit Switched interfaces in the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) transported over SS7 include the following: B -> VLR (uses MAP/B). Most MSCs are associated with a Visitor Location Register (VLR), making the B interface ...
The Short Message protocol itself is defined by 3GPP TS 23.040 for the Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP), [2] and 3GPP TS 23.041 for the Cell Broadcast Service (CBS). [3] Four MAP procedures are defined for the control of the Short Message Service: [1] Mobile Originated (MO) short message service transfer;
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is commonly marketed as 4G LTE, but it did not initially meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. Given the competitive pressures of WiMAX and its evolution with Advanced new releases, it has become synonymous with 4G. It was first ...
It is defined by the ETSI's GSM committee and 3GPP and is part of the 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G standards. [1] It is also known as Short Message Service-Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB or CB SMS). [2] [3] Unlike Short Message Service-Point to Point (SMS-PP), Cell Broadcast is a one-to-many geo-targeted and geo-fenced messaging service.
Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz carriers used. EV-DO is not designed for voice, and requires a fallback to 1xRTT when a voice call is placed or received. Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g ...
In the year 2002, 366 billion SMS text messages were sent globally, [50] a number that rose to 6.1 trillion (6.1 × 10 12) in 2010, [10] which is an average of 193,000 messages per second. The global average price for an SMS message is US$0.11, while mobile networks charge each other interconnect fees of at least US$0.04 when connecting between ...
Move over, Wordle, Connections and Mini Crossword—there's a new NYT word game in town! The New York Times' recent game, "Strands," is becoming more and more popular as another daily activity ...
Non-access stratum (NAS) is a functional layer in the NR, LTE, UMTS and GSM wireless telecom protocol stacks between the core network and user equipment. [1] This layer is used to manage the establishment of communication sessions and for maintaining continuous communications with the user equipment as it moves.