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Educated Ottoman Turks spoke Arabic and Persian, as these were the main foreign languages in the pre-Tanzimat era, with the former being used for science and the latter for literary affairs. [25] The spread of the Persian language through Rumi shrines made it the dialect of the Sufism. The Ottomans promoted and supported the Persian language.
Mirandese – A language or variety of the Astur-Leonese group spoken in Tierra de Miranda in northeastern Portugal, recognized officially as a minority language in 1999. Portuguese Sign Language In addition, it is estimated that 59.6% of Portuguese adults (aged 18–64) spoke English, 21.5% spoke French, 14.8% spoke Spanish as foreign ...
Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision.The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are the most widely ...
David Anthony, in his "revised Steppe hypothesis", [65] conjectures that the spread of the Indo-European languages probably did not happen through "chain-type folk migrations", but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites, which were emulated by large groups of people, [66] [note 3] a process which he calls "elite ...
A color-coded map of most languages used throughout Europe. There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. [1] [2] Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language.
Although Darius the Great called his language arya-("Iranian"), [25] modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian [25] because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language. [26] The trilingual inscription erected by the command of Shapur I gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek.
The two directly attested Old Iranian languages are Old Persian (from the Achaemenid Empire) and Old Avestan (the language of the Avesta). Of the Middle Iranian languages, the better understood and recorded ones are Middle Persian (from the Sasanian Empire), Parthian (from the Parthian Empire), and Bactrian (from the Kushan and Hephthalite ...
Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC. The following languages were spoken in the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman occupation and the spread of the Latin language. Aquitanian (probably closely related to or the same as Proto-Basque) Proto-Basque; Iberian; Tartessian; Indo-European languages. Celtic languages. Celtiberian; Gallaecian