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It guides international development practitioners in the process of conducting resilience assessments. It is used as a survey-based tool in program evaluation to measure impact as well as to monitor active projects for purposes of adaptive management. [2] The MSRI incorporates resilience measurement of both market system actors and households.
The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was developed by Kathryn M. Connor and Jonathan R.T. Davidson as a means of assessing resilience. [1] The CD-RISC is based on Connor and Davidson's operational definition of resilience, which is the ability to "thrive in the face of adversity." Since its development in 2003, the CD-RISC has been ...
[285] [286] Venezuela's bond ratings have also decreased multiple times in 2013 due to decisions by the president Nicolás Maduro. [287] In 2016, consumer prices in Venezuela increased 800% and the economy declined by 18.6%, entering an economic depression. [288] [289] Venezuela's outlook was deemed negative by most bond-rating services in 2017.
Venezuela's economy is highly dependent on oil production and exportation. [2] Venezuela is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Its economy is prone to disruption given that price of oil fluctuates rapidly. In 2014, oil prices dropped. Since then Venezuela has had to adapt to a significant decrease in state revenue.
In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion [87] and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion. [88] With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds, [89] as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default, [90] and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and principal ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 17 February 2025. Political science project ranking states by democraticity For overview of democracy indices, see Democracy indices. Number of nations 1800–2003 scoring 8 or higher on the Polity IV scale, a measure of democracy. World map showing findings from the Polity IV data series report for 2017 ...
In 2018, Venezuela's debt grew to US$156 billion [310] and as of March 2019, its reserves had dropped to US$8 billion. [311] With the exception of PDVSA's 2020 bonds, [312] as of January 2019, all of Venezuela's bonds are in default, [313] and Venezuela's government and state-owned companies owe nearly US$8 billion in unpaid interest and ...
Adding scores from either the two social sub-scales or the two cognitive sub-scales results in a social resilience or cognitive resilience score, respectively. The sub-scale scores can also be viewed as an individual profile of strengths and deficits to indicate priorities for therapeutic plans. This additive approach could theoretically allow ...