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Recently, most non-human theory of mind research has focused on monkeys and great apes, who are of most interest in the study of the evolution of human social cognition. Research can be categorized in to three subsections of theory of mind: attribution of intentions, attribution of knowledge (and perception), and attribution of belief.
In one approach testing monkeys, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are able to "steal" a contested grape from one of two human competitors. In six experiments, the macaques selectively stole the grape from a human who was incapable of seeing the grape, rather than from the human who was visually aware. [ 26 ]
The authors conclude, "this study found evidence that humans can perform better than suggested by Matsuzawa in the limited-hold memory task. However, human performance is still below that of chimpanzees. This difference appears to stem from an inability to keep the location of symbols in working memory" [5]
The Old World species are divided into apes and monkeys depending on the number of cusps on their molars: monkeys have four, apes have five [72] - although humans may have four or five. [78] The main hominid molar cusp ( hypocone ) evolved in early primate history, while the cusp of the corresponding primitive lower molar (paraconid) was lost.
Aegyptopithecus, a prehistoric monkey predating the split between apes and other Old World monkeys and the division of Old and New World monkeys, making it more closely related to humans than to New World monkeys. [170] Humans and other apes are Old World monkeys. The word monkey is often used colloquially to describe only those simians which ...
A monkey drinking Frooti from a juice box using its hands. The mind and behavior of non-human animals has captivated the human imagination for centuries. Many writers, such as Descartes, have speculated about the presence or absence of the animal mind. [7]
“The idea that this stuff could actually get smarter than people — a few people believed that,” Hinton told the New York Times. “But most people thought it was way off. “But most people ...
Two persons were employed to separately interpret Washoe because of the inherent ambiguity of reading an ape's signs: chimp hands and body are different than humans', and the meaning of ASL signs is shaped by their position and movement in space regarding one's body.