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Paul Williams (born 1950) is Emeritus Professor of Indian and Tibetan Philosophy at the University of Bristol, England. Until his retirement in 2011 he was also director for the University's Centre for Buddhist Studies, and is a former president of the UK Association for Buddhist Studies.
Epistemology (aka theory of knowledge) – branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. [1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808–1864). [2] Epistemology asks questions such as: "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", and "What do people know?"
Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives. The individual can become an accepted member and fulfill the needed functions and roles of the group.
Endowment is a concept in philosophy that refers to human capacities and abilities which can be naturally or socially acquired. [1] Natural endowment is biologically analysed. [1] It is examined through individual genes or inborn abilities. Social endowment is explored through the culture and ethics of human lives in their communities. [1]
In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.
It questions what knowledge is and how it can be acquired, and the extent to which knowledge pertinent to any given subject or entity can be acquired. Much of the debate in this field has focused on the philosophical analysis of the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and justification.
It studies how knowledge is acquired, stored, retrieved, and communicated. [194] Special interest is given to how knowledge is reproduced and changes in relation to social and cultural circumstances. [195] In this context, the term knowledge is used in a very broad sense, roughly equivalent to terms like understanding and culture. [196]
John Hick, An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent, 1989/2004; William L. Rowe, "The Evidential Argument from Evil: A Second Look", 1996; Alvin Plantinga, Warranted Christian Belief, 2000; Jay L. Garfield, Empty Words: Buddhist Philosophy and Cross-Cultural Interpretation, 2001