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The nerves from these sources, fifteen or twenty in number, have a few ganglia developed upon them. It enters the kidneys on arterial branches to supply the vessels, renal glomerulus, and tubules with branches to the ureteric plexus. [1] Some filaments are distributed to the spermatic plexus and, on the right side, to the inferior vena cava.
The vas deferens consists of an external adventitial sheath containing blood vessels and nerves, a muscular middle layer composed of three layers of smooth muscle (with a circular muscle layer interposed between two longitudinal muscle layers), and an internal mucosal lining consisting of pseudostratified columnar epithelium (which bears the ...
The plexus is in the adventitia. These nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus. [2] Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder. [2] Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 – L2 segments of the spinal cord. [2]
The superior vesical artery supplies blood to the upper part of the bladder. The lower part of the bladder is supplied by the inferior vesical artery, both of which are branches of the internal iliac arteries. [11] In females, the uterine and vaginal arteries provide additional blood supply. [11]
The vagus trunks then join with preaortic sympathetic ganglion around the aorta to disperse with the blood vessels and sympathetic nerves throughout the abdomen. The extent of the parasympathetic in the abdomen include the pancreas, kidneys, liver, gall bladder , stomach and gut tube.
The nerves composing it are numerous, and contain a large proportion of spinal nerve fibers. They accompany the vesicle arteries , and are distributed to the sides and fundus of the bladder . Numerous filaments also pass to the seminal vesicles and vas deferens ; those accompanying the vas deferens join, on the spermatic cord , with branches ...
The arterial supply to the bladder is crucial for maintaining its viability and proper function, as it ensures oxygen and nutrient delivery to this organ. Dysfunction or compromise of the superior vesical artery can lead to conditions such as bladder ischemia or necrosis, which can have significant clinical implications.
When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure ...