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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
A value chain is a progression of activities that a business or firm performs in order to deliver goods and services of value to an end customer.The concept comes from the field of business management and was first described by Michael Porter in his 1985 best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.
It can be divided into two directions: upstream and downstream. Producers or commercial retailers can have a supply relationship with upstream suppliers, including manufacturers, and form a sales relationship. [5] As an example, Dell works with upstream suppliers of integrated circuit microchips and computer printed circuit boards (PCBs).
[15] [16] [17] A supply chain, as opposed to supply chain management, is a set of firms who move materials "forward", [18] or a set of organizations, directly linked by one or more upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, or information from a source to a customer. Supply chain management is the management of such a chain.
This model suggests that customers buy products or services from an organization to have access to its unique knowledge. The advantage is static, rather than dynamic, because the purchase is a one-time event. The unlimited resources model utilizes competitors by practicing a differentiation strategy. An organization with greater resources can ...
Concept-driven strategy is the name given to a number of similar strategic thinking approaches. Generally, the term 'concept-driven' is used to encourage a focus on the 'concepts' being used. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] See Concept learning or Management Concepts.
Niraj Dawar [8] argues that competitive advantage is shifting from a firm’s “upstream activities” such as sourcing, production, logistics and product innovation to “downstream activities”. In doing so, Dawar expands on the notion of market orientation: Instead of bringing better products to market or increasing operational and asset ...
This is the most aggressive of the four strategies. It typically involves active programs to expand into new markets and stimulate new opportunities. New product development is vigorously pursued and offensive marketing warfare strategies are a common way of obtaining additional market share.