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The strain can be decomposed into a recoverable elastic strain (ε e) and an inelastic strain (ε p). The stress at initial yield is σ 0 . Work hardening , also known as strain hardening , is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation.
In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloy's deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations , are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a material.
The ideal elastic solid returns to zero strain immediately, without any after-effect, while in the case of anelasticity total recovery takes time, and that is the aftereffect. The linear viscoelastic solid only recovers partially, because the viscous contribution to strain cannot be recovered.
The elastic components, as previously mentioned, can be modeled as springs of elastic constant E, given the formula: = where σ is the stress, E is the elastic modulus of the material, and ε is the strain that occurs under the given stress, similar to Hooke's law.
In geology, the elastic-rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is released during an earthquake. As the Earth's crust deforms, the rocks which span the opposing sides of a fault are subjected to shear stress .
Many films have about 500% stretch at break but are only stretched to about 100–300% in use. Once stretched, the elastic recovery is used to keep the load tight. There are two methods of producing stretch wrap: Blown: the resin is melted and extruded through an annular die, it is air-cooled. This is a slower process but provides for higher ...
Polymers in this elastic state with number average molecular weight greater than 20,000 stretch in the direction of an applied external force. If the force is applied for a short time, the entanglement of polymer chains with their neighbors will prevent large movement of the chain and the sample recovers its original conformation upon removal ...
The hyperelastic material is a special case of a Cauchy elastic material. For many materials, linear elastic models do not accurately describe the observed material behaviour. The most common example of this kind of material is rubber, whose stress-strain relationship can be defined as non-linearly elastic, isotropic and incompressible.