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The strain can be decomposed into a recoverable elastic strain (ε e) and an inelastic strain (ε p). The stress at initial yield is σ 0 . Work hardening , also known as strain hardening , is the process by which a material's load-bearing capacity (strength) increases during plastic (permanent) deformation.
The ideal elastic solid returns to zero strain immediately, without any after-effect, while in the case of anelasticity total recovery takes time, and that is the aftereffect. The linear viscoelastic solid only recovers partially, because the viscous contribution to strain cannot be recovered.
Many films have about 500% stretch at break but are only stretched to about 100–300% in use. Once stretched, the elastic recovery is used to keep the load tight. There are two methods of producing stretch wrap: Blown: the resin is melted and extruded through an annular die, it is air-cooled. This is a slower process but provides for higher ...
In metallurgy, recovery is a process by which a metal or alloy's deformed grains can reduce their stored energy by the removal or rearrangement of defects in their crystal structure. These defects, primarily dislocations , are introduced by plastic deformation of the material and act to increase the yield strength of a material.
For example, silicone-polyurethane IPNs show increased tear and flexural strength over base silicone networks, while preserving the high elastic recovery of the silicone network at high strains. [12] Increased stiffness can also be achieved by pre-straining polymer networks and then sequentially forming a secondary network within the strained ...
Polymers in this elastic state with number average molecular weight greater than 20,000 stretch in the direction of an applied external force. If the force is applied for a short time, the entanglement of polymer chains with their neighbors will prevent large movement of the chain and the sample recovers its original conformation upon removal ...
Springs, which represent the elastic component of a viscoelastic material, obey Hooke's law: = where σ is the applied stress, E is the Young's modulus of the material, and ε is the strain. The spring represents the elastic component of the model's response. [2]
The last equation indicates that the fields ∆ kl and ∆ ˙ ij can be solved as a linear elastic problem with the elastic spring elements in the original viscoelastic network model while the dashpot elements are ignored. The solution for a given test geometry is a linear relation between the step changes in the load and displacement rates at ...