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In Latin grammar, the ablative case (cāsus ablātīvus) is one of the six noun cases. Traditionally, it is the sixth case ( cāsus sextus, cāsus latīnus ). It has forms and functions derived from the Proto-Indo-European ablative , instrumental , and locative .
A complete Latin noun declension consists of up to seven grammatical cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and locative.However, the locative is limited to a few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words.
In the United States, in grammars such as Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar (1895), the traditional order is used, with the genitive case in the second place and ablative last. In the popularly used Wheelock's Latin (1956, 7th edition 2011) and Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (1903), however, the vocative is placed at the end.
In the genitive singular, names in -ēs, parisyllabic, take -ī as well as -is. Some feminine nouns in -ô have the genitive in -ūs. Greek names ending in -eus are declined both according to the Greek and according to the Latin second declension (but the genitive -eī and the dative-eō are often pronounced as one syllable in poets).
Ablative case is used to modify verbs and can be translated as 'by', 'with', 'from', etc. Vocative case is used to address a person or thing. The genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative also have important functions to indicate the object of a preposition. Given below is the declension paradigm of Latin puer 'boy' and puella 'girl':
Nominative case singular 'res' is the Latin equivalent of 'thing'; singular 're' is the ablative case required by 'in'. Some people believe that it is short for 'regarding', especially if it is followed by a colon (i.e., "Re:"). Reg. regina "queen" A part of the monarch's title.
The names of the paradigms are taken from Langenscheidt Dictionary, [1] completed and adapted. Completions and adaptions: The paradigms 'imperative indirect active', 'imperative indirect passive', 'supine genitive', 'supine dative' are not present in this dictionary because they are rare in the Classical Period, however they are accounted for ...
Latin word order is relatively free. The verb may be found at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence; an adjective may precede or follow its noun (vir bonus or bonus vir both mean 'a good man'); [5] and a genitive may precede or follow its noun ('the enemies' camp' can be both hostium castra and castra hostium; the latter is more common). [6]