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  2. Translation studies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_studies

    Translation studies is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation.

  3. Skopos theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopos_theory

    The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. [2]As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972), [3] [4] skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory [5] that emerged around the late twentieth century.

  4. Public Land Survey System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System

    This 1988 BLM map depicts the principal meridians and baselines used for surveying states (colored) in the Public Land Survey System.. The Public Land Survey System (PLSS) is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling.

  5. Translational research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_research

    T0 is laboratory (before human) research. In T1-translation, new laboratory discoveries are first translated to human application, which includes phase I & II clinical trials. In T2-translation, candidate health applications progress through clinical development to engender the evidence base for integration into clinical practice guidelines.

  6. Language localisation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_localisation

    Language localisation (or language localization) is the process of adapting a product's translation to a specific country or region.It is the second phase of a larger process of product translation and cultural adaptation (for specific countries, regions, cultures or groups) to account for differences in distinct markets, a process known as internationalisation and localisation.

  7. James S. Holmes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Holmes

    The name and nature of translation studies (1975) James Stratton Holmes (2 May 1924 – 6 November 1986) was an American-Dutch poet , translator , and translation scholar. [ 1 ] He sometimes published his work using his real name James S. Holmes, and other times the pen names Jim Holmes and Jacob Lowland.

  8. Literal translation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation

    Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [1] In translation theory, another term for literal translation is metaphrase (as opposed to paraphrase for an analogous translation).

  9. Boundary (real estate) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(real_estate)

    A unit of real estate or immovable property is limited by a legal boundary (sometimes also referred to as a property line, lot line or bounds). The boundary (in Latin: limes ) may appear as a discontinuation in the terrain: a ditch, a bank, a hedge, a wall, or similar, but essentially, a legal boundary is a conceptual entity, a social construct ...